GitHub Breach May 2026: All You Need to Know

After a SOC 2 and ISO 27001 engagement, there are two documents out of the whole pile that actually close deals: the SOC 2 attestation report and the ISO 27001 certificate. Everything else your engagement produces exists to create those two, support them, or keep them alive for another year. Companies routinely ask their auditor for a SOC 2 certificate, which doesn’t exist. They send a prospect their full ISMS documentation when a one-page certificate would have done. They pay for six months of readiness work and then can’t say what they’re holding at the end of it. So here’s the full list. What a SOC 2 engagement produces, what an ISO 27001 engagement produces, what a combined program produces, and who gets to see each one. Understanding SOC 2 and ISO 27001 Engagement Outputs The Core Difference: Report vs. Certificate SOC 2 is an attestation. A licensed CPA firm examines your controls against the Trust Services Criteria under standards set by the AICPA, then writes up what it found and signs an opinion. No certificate. No logo from the AICPA. No pass or fail stamp. What you get is the report, and it usually runs 60 to 120 pages. ISO 27001 is a certification. An accredited certification body audits your Information Security Management System (ISMS) against ISO/IEC 27001:2022, and if you conform, it issues a certificate of registration. The certificate itself is a page or two. All the detail lives behind it, in your ISMS documentation and the audit reports the certification body writes as it goes. SOC 2 Engagement Deliverables The SOC 2 Attestation Report The report is the engagement. The AICPA’s illustrative SOC 2 report lays out the standard structure: auditor’s report, management’s assertion, system description, the Trust Services Criteria in scope, and the controls tested with their results. A Type I covers control design at one point in time. A Type II covers whether those controls actually operated over a period, usually three to twelve months, and most enterprise buyers now won’t accept anything else. Independent Auditor’s Opinion Letter First section of the report, and the first thing anyone experienced turns to. It gives the scope, the examination period, and the auditor’s conclusion. An unqualified opinion means the description held up and the controls worked. A qualified opinion means the auditor found something material, and every serious reviewer will want to talk about it. Management Assertion Your leadership signs a written statement stating that the system description is accurate and that the controls were properly designed and are operating. It reads like a formality, and it isn’t. The auditor’s entire examination runs against what management asserts here, so overstating anything creates real exposure. System Description Usually the longest part of the report, and you write it, not the auditor. It covers the services in scope, your infrastructure, software, people, processes, how data moves, which subservice organizations you depend on, and the complementary user entity controls your customers have to run on their side for your controls to hold up. Trust Services Criteria Applied Security (the Common Criteria) is in every SOC 2. Availability, Processing Integrity, Confidentiality, and Privacy are optional, and the report names exactly which ones you picked. Whatever you decide during scoping ends up printed in a document your customers read for the next several years. Description of Tests of Controls and Results (Type II) The matrix: every control, what the auditor did to test it, and what came back, including exceptions. Reviewers spend most of their time here, because the exceptions tell them things the opinion letter won’t. Bridge Letter / Gap Letter Your report covers a fixed window, so one ending December 31 leaves a hole for a customer doing diligence in June. A bridge letter from your management, not the auditor, confirms that nothing material changed in the control environment between the report’s end date and today. You’ll write these often enough to keep a template. Management Letter and Observations Plenty of auditors also send an internal-only letter covering observations, minor exceptions, and suggestions that never reached the threshold of a qualified opinion. It’s the closest thing to free consulting you’ll get before next year’s audit starts. Insider Note: Ask early whether your auditor issues a management letter, and whether exceptions land in the report body or only in that letter. Firms handle this differently, and the answer decides what your customers see versus what stays behind your firewall. It rarely comes up in the proposal, but it changes how the finished report reads to a buyer. ISO 27001 Engagement Deliverables ISO 27001 Certificate of Registration The document everyone asks for. It names the certified legal entity, states the ISMS scope, identifies the certification body, carries an accreditation mark from a body recognized under the International Accreditation Forum such as UKAS or ANAB, and shows the validity dates. It’s good for three years as long as you pass annual surveillance audits. Read the scope statement carefully, on your own certificate as much as anyone else’s. A certificate covering one office or one product line says nothing about the rest of the business. Statement of Applicability (SoA) After the certificate, this is the document buyers request most. The Statement of Applicability runs through all 93 Annex A controls in ISO/IEC 27001:2022, says which apply to you, justifies the ones you excluded, and records where each stands. Auditors use it as the map of your control environment, and larger customers increasingly want to see it or a summary of it during diligence. Risk Assessment and Risk Treatment Plan Your methodology, the register it produced, and the Risk Treatment Plan showing what you decided to do about each significant risk: mitigate it with a control, transfer it, avoid it, or accept it. ISO 27001 is built around risk, so these documents are what justify every control decision recorded in the SoA. Information Security Management System (ISMS) Documentation The policy and procedure set, plus the operational records that prove any of it happens. Information